Well, that’s where advertising kicks into play. Chan Lee Peng put it best when he said that, “Back link is by far the best strategy which is used to attract readers/ visitors to your article/ website” in his article entitled “How to Get Non-stop Traffic and Page Views to Your Websites or Articles.”

Aside from submitting your article links to the major search engines, and like Chan said, using Yahoo! Answers and E-pinion, I have 5 additional tips to add. I have tried all of the strategies myself and they seem to be working, at least for the moment anyway.

Affiliations

If you have a website or a blog, it’s quite common to affiliate with other websites and blogs. Placing a small text or picture link on your site in exchange for placing your text or picture link on another site is relatively common practice these days. It’s not that someone who views your site or the other site will click on the affiliate link, but it’s more of the fact that the more sites the link to your article is on, the easier it is for search engines to find it, and the higher up in the search results your article will be.

Free Banners

If you’re good at using Adobe Photoshop, you can take a look at Free Banners, a banners-exchange site whereby placing a small banner code in your website will let you earn credits that are automatically used to advertise your banner on other websites. In addition, if you place the banner code at the top of your website pages, you’ll automatically obtain Gold Membership from Free Banners, allowing other Gold Members to view your banner, thus increasing the number of people checking out your articles.

Your banner can even be as simple as a plain white rectangle with the name of your article on it.

Invision Power Boards

There are many forum board hosting services on the World-Wide-Web, but the major ones are phpBB 3.0, Invision Power Boards, and V-Bulletin. Of these three services, Invision Power Boards has the best search engine crawling capabilities. It has a feature in the Administration Control Panel of its boards that lets forum administrators allow “Search Engine Spiders” to crawl your board’s pages and add them to the engine’s search results. For example, in the Administrator Control Panel on my forum board, my statistics show that Google crawls through my forum at least 5 times every day, adding new forum post links to their search engine.

Keep in mind that Invision Power Boards is completely different to InvisionFree, an older version which does not have the same success when it comes to search engines crawling your pages.

Even if you have no interest in creating or maintaining a forum board, create one just to post links to your articles. Enable the “Search Engine Spiders” option in your Administrator Control Panel, and search engines like Google, Yahoo!, Live and HotBot will crawl through your forum board. Any links on your board to your articles will also be crawled through and added to the search engines as well.

Link Referral

Previously called Link Exchange until it was bought over by Microsoft and its original site transformed into a Microsoft Office advertising page (go figure, here we go again with greedy powerhouse Bill Gates), Link Referral is just what its name suggests - a site where you can refer a link to other people. The site has thousands of members, and hundreds of thousands of submitted links in their database. In short, it’s like submitting your site to a search engine. The difference is that YOU alone control how high your link appears in Link Referral’s Search Engine Database.

Every day, you have the option of viewing 30 other member-submitted links, posting 5 reviews on other links, selecting 1 link as your favorite for the day, and writing 1 post for the Link Referral forum board. If you do all of this on a daily basis (they say it takes 45 minutes per day, but in my experience it takes about 2 hours), your link’s position on the site’s Search Engine results will substantially increase. Also, the more detailed reviews you post on other people’s sites, the better grade you get as your review rating. A higher grade also affects your link’s position. I have an ‘A’ grade, and by completing the 30 visits, 5 reviews, 1 favorite and 1 forum post, I can get my site to within the top 3 positions in the Link Referral search engine. The top 5 spots in the search engine rack up 20 to 60 visits each day, so you can see the earnings potential when you add up the number of people viewing your Triond article.

Triond Community Forums

The official Triond Community Forums, where all Triond members are encouraged to communicate with other Triond members. Expand your reputation, and you’ll gain more exposure and thus earnings for any content you submit to Triond itself.

An ancient east culture used a form of clay tokens called cueniform, to show labour hours. Eventually, as the civilization grew and grew, they used over 100 tokens. These were called pictographs, and they were pictures pressed into the clay. Some of the first forms of writing were to record grain shipments, and other products. The main reason, after experimenting with grain, was beer. Tokens were used to record daily  beer rations.

Usually, before this, people relied on word of mouth. They passed stories down from generation to generation.

The next form of writing was egyptian. Writing was veery important to the egyptian people, and litacy was a form of power, making them better than the peasents. They copied the cuneiform writing style closely, although they did start using different tools. They used fine feather pens, and wrote on papyrus. 

In china, writing was very interesting. In the Shang dynasty, writing records have been preserved on bones and bronze things. Writing on turtle shells has been dated to 1500BCE. People say that some of the writing found wasn’t complicated enough to be called writing. If it is, it outdates the cueniform writing by 2000 years.

The greeks were one of the first to use an alphabet. They borrowed some of the letters from the old Poenician alphabet. Their main claim to fame, though, was the discovery of vowels. 

Mad King Ludwig II was an eccentric individual whose legacy is intertwined with the history of art and architecture, as he commissioned the construction of several extravagant fantasy castles, the most famous being Neuschwanstein.

In 1869, "Ludwig oversaw the laying of the cornerstone for Neuschwanstein Castle on a breathtaking mountaintop site overlooking his childhood home, the castle his father had built at Hohenschwangau." The walls of Neuschwanstein are adorned with murals depicting scenes from many of Richard Wagner's operas.

King Ludwig was an ardent fan of the famous composer Richard Wagner and professed his love to him stating " An earthly being cannot match up to a divine spirit", the king wrote to Wagner, "But it can love; it can venerate. You are my first love , my only love, and always will be".

Wagner's extravagant demands were always met by King Ludwig and he prospered because of it. He was able to complete his life's work, "The Ring Cycle," and he made plans to present it in a one of a kind theater built especially for his use.

The Written Words of Richard Wagner

Much to the surprise of gigantic Lord of the Rings fans, the original Ring was written and performed by Richard Wagner in the opera house in Bayreuth. J.R. Tolkien used every character, troll, and prop in the series of books as well as the movie. The works of Richard Wagner, which took him a great part of his life, were initially ripped from his fingers so I am curious to see what J.R. Tolkien would have been able to write without the the entire story already written for him by Wagner.

The corruption that continued behind the walls of the castle initially led to the mysterious disappearance of King Ludwig.

"On June 13, around 6:00 pm, Ludwig asked Gudden to accompany him on a walk
along the shore of Lake Starnberg. Gudden agreed, and told the guards not to follow them. The two men never returned. At 11:30 that night, searchers found both the king and Gudden dead, floating in the shallow water near the shore. Ludwig's death was officially ruled a suicide by drowning, but this has been questioned. Ludwig  was known to be a strong swimmer, the water was less than waist-deep where his body was found, and the official autopsy report indicated that no water was found in his lungs."

All pictures compliments of Flickr.

Also check out these historical pieces:

Grand Historia Photography: Six Powerful and Emotional Acts of Disaster and Death

15 Extravagantly Photographical Tales of Versailles in France

Afghanistan: Hidden Treasures From One of the World’s Richest Countries in Cultural Heritage

Eight Miraculously Distinctive Architectural Designs of Churches in Italy: From Byzantine to Baroque

African literature has more recently become more popular specially as it has greatly influenced the American literature. This website presents a general and more popular way of looking at the beginnings, development, influences on the literary works of the people of this culture-rich continent.

What is Literature?

As man started to walk the earth, he developed a system of recording down things around him and interpreting them according to how his own perception. This act of documenting may have been the start of the medium which literature uses. Not all written material may be considered literature though. Only those that closely emulate the human experience, emotion and thought are regarded as literature.

The Beginnings of Asian and African Literature

Literature may have its roots from the pre-historic period. The hieroglyphs of Egypt, found around 3200 BC to about 400 AD for example, is a system of writing which used symbols, have been used to record some things about what had transpired in history. However, these are not considered literature.

Among those considered to be the earliest records of literature is the Egyptian Book of the Dead written down in the Papyrus of Ani in 250 BCE.

Many of the literary works are handed down by oral tradition. In Africa, the lack of literacy did not make it possible to write literature down. Histories, myths, legends, including stories, dramas, riddles, songs, proverbs and other literary works were handed by mouth from generation to generation to entertain, educate and remind the people about their past, heroic deeds of their people, ancestry and culture.

Factors that Influence African Literature

In African Literature, the earliest records of works have been those that were found in Egypt.

Religion and Spiritual Belief

In Africa where Animism had been practiced for a very long time, lyrics, stories and poems, although unrecorded, have been handed down from generation to generation. Some of their stories were of animals that struggled for their freedom. Egypt, being the origin of civilization in the continent, has greatly influenced the culture, religion and literature of Africa.

Introduction of Civilization

Asia is the birth place of the civilized world. As Africa is proximally located to Asia, much of the developments spread to the continent. Also, much of the recorded African literature came only after the continent was colonized in the 19th century.

Political and Social Conditions

Living conditions and political situations have paved the way for the development of literary works, such as those that were written as reactions to slavery. Colonization has given the continent the medium by which they could put into writing and document their art, culture and situation. Much of those that were written were reactions to racism and the African struggle for freedom and independence.

Nature and the Environment

How the earth was created, the creation of the first man, the trees, the plants and animals - these are some of the things that Asian and African literature depict.

Notable Literary Works

Novel

• Mzimu wa Watu wa Kale”(Shrine of the Ancestors” by Muhammed Said Abdulla (Swahili)
• Their Eyes Were Watching God by Zora Neale Hurston http://www.zoranealehurston.com/books/their_eyes_teaching_guide.html
• Ethiopia Unbound: Studies in Race Emancipation,(1911) by Joseph Ephraim Casely-Hayford (also known as Ekra-Agiman)

Play

• The Girl Who Killed to Save: Nongqawuse the Liberator (1935) by Herbert Isaac Ernest Dhlomo of South Africa

Poem

• Song of Iowino (1966) by Acholi

Drama

• The Black Hermit (1962) by Ngugi wa Thiong'o of Kenya

Myth

• Yoruba

Epic

• Epic of Sundiata

Fable

• Kalila and Dimna (Muslim)

Stories

• Chants and Hymns
• Book of the Dead (Egyptian)

Speeches

• Things Fall Apart (1958) by Achebe

Narrative

• The Interesting Narrative of the Life and Adventures of Olaudah Equiano, also called Gustavus Vassa, the African (1789).by Olaudah Equiano

First of all, you want to decide where you want to begin your history.  Do you want to go back generations or do you want to go back only several generations?  Perhaps you might only want to tell your generational story, minus other generations.  That is the first question to be dealt with.

After you decide where you want to start, you need an outline. What do you want to include in your story?

Where were you born?  What are your parents/grandparents name and perhaps their backgrounds.

Do you have any siblings?  If so, are they married and do they have children?  Name them and perhaps tell something about each one.

The hard part is now. You have to refresh your memory and think back on the things you want your family to remember.  These are things that you remember -- maybe, your first bike and how you learnt to ride it with your dad's able hands guiding the handlebars.

Perhaps your school days were part of your fond memories. Relate these.

If married, how you and your spouse met.  Where you went on dates, etc?

Just jot down the thoughts, not the whole story.  After you lay out the items you want to include, go back and elaborate on the events.

When you get started, you might think about something else that you would like the next generation to know, so it is best to use a three ring notebook to place all of your writing in.  Whenever you finally have written down everything you want to include, then you can catalog the stories in a more concise manner.  After this is done, you can decide to have books printed for everyone who should have one.

If you are going back in time to earlier ancestors, the public library and the internet offer fine resources for reference.  Also, there are various sites you can reach by merely putting in the surname you are researching.

Do not hurry with this work of art. Make sure that the information is accurate and concise. A family history will be a treasure for years to come. So many times, people regret not putting their life story down on paper. Remember everyone has a story to tell, and someone is waiting to hear about it.

KINDS OF TYPEWRITERS

1. Manual
2. Electric
3. Electronic and
4. Text-editing which is called word-processing typewriters or word processors

With the manual typewriter, the operation is entirely by the power supplied by the typist's hand. The typist strikes the key with the fingers to propel the type of printing point by means of connecting levers.

An electric typewriter has a rubber cylinder which is rotated by an electric motor is to provide power so that the typist exerts only a little energy on the keys to make a print on the paper. The difference now is that the manual typewriter needs a lot of energy whereas the electric one needs just a touch. However, electric typewriters cost more to buy and operate than the manual typewriters. The fact that it types faster and more neatly than the manual typewriters gives it an added advantage.

There are some electric typewriters that are called self-correcting typewriters. These typewriters are special in that they can erase typing errors. These typewriters make use of correcting ribbons that are treated with chemicals so that any incorrect letter can be removed when the typist types a certain key to peel off the error to re-type the correct one.

The electronic typewriters look like the electric typewriters but differ in composition. It contains a tiny computer called a microprocessor which gives the typewriter the impetus to perform some functions automatically. Some of these electronic typewriters print as many as eight pages per minute. They are also better than the electric typewriter because they are more complex. That is they can perform a lot of operations for example sorting and merging of lists, solving mathematical equations. They can even transfer information to other word processors and to computers over telephone lines.

PARTS OF A TYPEWRITER

Most of the different kinds of typewriters have the same basic features. For instance, all typewriters have a keyboard that consists of buttons/keys. On each key are two characters which could be letters, numbers, punctuation marks… On each key is attached a lever that has a bar of metal type at the other end. When there is a strike on the key, the type bar rises and hits an inked ribbon or a thin strip of carbon type. The ribbon or tape is located in front of the paper. To prevent the paper from flying out, a hard rubber roller (platen) ensures the grip of the paper to the typewriter. Immediately a key is struck, the platen and paper move one space to the left in automation.

THE HISTORY OF THE TYPEWRITER

During the 1700's and 1800's many investors in Europe and the United states tried to develop a practical typewriter. The first however to be entered into records was the one invented by Henry Mill, an English engineer. His model is now extinct that nobody can tell what it really looked like. Following Mill's invention, others sprang up. These however had no commercial value. They were mainly used for the blind.

The first successful typewriter was built by Christopher Latham Scholes, an American painter in 1867 with the help of two friends; Carlos Glidden and Samuel .W. Soulé. In 1868, Sholes continued to improve the invention. Then in 1873, E. Remington and sons, a gun and sewing machines manufacturer agreed to manufacture Sholes latest model and began to market it in 1875. Later other firms sprang. The first portable typewriter appeared in the early 1900's. Electric typewriters came around 1920. Since then there has been a lot of improvements on the typewriters. Today many people use personal computers with printers as word processors.

On the Internet there are thousands of wonderful websites that celebrate the history of words and illustrating the brilliance that words create when used correctly. After careful consideration I have found these websites perfect for people who desire deeper understanding of the words the world uses everyday or sometimes-in rare circumstances.

1. Extelligence

   Discover new words that are rarely used in the world and are archaic and creative when used correctly. Extelligence is an archaic and creative online dictionary that broadens that vocabulary universe.

2. China Page

   The Chinese language is one of the oldest languages in the world and an art form to write. The Chinese vocabulary consists of uniquely written characters that have the appearance of fine art that has successfully reached deeper in the soul than any other language has managed to evolve. Prepare to introduce yourself to the Chinese language and the beauty laying within its meaning.

3. Lyrics and Songs

   In my opinion, songwriters have mastered the way that the world expresses one's self through the clever construction of grouping the words that are used writing a song. A lot can be learned reading through song lyrics, but if that is not your thing, then you can locate the lyrics to your favorite songs, so that you may follow along with the musicians that perform the songs.

4. A Way with Words

   Martha Barnette and Grant Barrett, are the host of the public radio's lively language show. The English language is the focus of the show's core audience and the two knowledge hosts take calls from their listeners about linguistic disputes, grammatical pet peeves, the origins of words and phrases, and curious regional expressions.

5. Fun with Words

   As beautiful as the English language is, it also can be quite fun to toy with the words that we use everyday. Dive in headfirst and start having some light-hearted fun with the words that pour from your mouth daily. This website offers a comprehensive selection of word activities and in-depth study of individual letter groupings to wordplay not commonly exercised in everyday conversation.

6. For the Love of Word

   This is an article devoted to introducing new word websites that provide unique activities and learning experiences for people wanting to master the words that they use. Of course, there are activities for writers to challenge their writing craftsmanship within the confines of a strict set of guidelines created by its creators.

(Confused? You won't be!)

Initial Points to Get Clear in Your Head

Avoid writing in the narrative. Yes it is true, Captain narrative is a bad creation, he is to be avoided at all costs.

• You need to provide an argument. This will give your answer a clear sense of direction.
• To create a concise and flowing answer you should present a relevant point, provide evidence and explanation of this point and then introduce the next relevant point.
• Think about the component parts of the question and break them down, e.g When did the princes become active in the reformation? What was their initial role? What were the effects? etc.

(There are a lot more points do not stop there!)

This will provide the main body of your answer.

In your conclusion you should evaluate the evidence and bring your overall argument to a clear point. Do not introduce new arguments or evidence in the conclusion.

Poetry is a form that authors use to express feeling. It is often compared to painting a picture through words. Good poets normally know what the poem is about and have a picture in their mind already laid out. Most also tell what these pictures look like in the poem using figurative language such as similes and metaphors.

Short stories are used by authors to express a lesson, moral, or idea that can be useful in life. These stories usually reflect the ideas and culture of the time they were written. This means that stories can also provide an insight into life at a certain time. The idea or moral being presented in the story is usually to from a characters point of view. Poetry is different to this as it is told from the authors point of view.

As many stories and poems are written more ideas are shown to the entire world. Just like painting a picture or teaching a lesson they convey ideas to many different audiences. Yet, many read stories and poems for fun and enjoyment.

Pockets full of posies,

Ashes, ashes, we all fall down!”

My experience with this well-known nursery rhyme is probably no different from the experiences of children world-wide, for many generations. I played the game as a child, with my children as a young mother and with the nursery rug-rats at church. As had been done for decades, I played and passed the little ditty along to the next generation.

I do remember one particular day of play.

We held hands, dancing in a slow circle around one of our grandmother's rose bushes. We moved carefully, fully aware of the potential consequences of a stumble or fall; we'd all borne the marks of those treacherous thorns.

“What's a posy?” I asked as we lay on our backs during a break, looking at the clouds overhead.

“A different kind of flower.”

“Is ashes a kind of flower, too?”

My older sister shook her head. “No, silly; It's a kind of tree.”

“Why do we have to fall down?” I pestered her.

“To show winter and how everything dies,” she reasoned in her eight-year-old fashion. “It gets cold and icy and all the flowers fall down. But then we get up and play again to show spring, when they all grow back.”

I returned to the game, at least for the moment, basking in the vastness of my sister's knowledge.

The little nursery rhyme dates back to 14th century England, and transcends time and geography ... and its origin.

The Black Plague made its deadly appearance on the British shore in 1348. It spread quickly through the countryside, carried by frightened people, already unknowingly infected, fleeing the illness. The pandemic ravaged the world, taking 75 million lives in its 100 year reign.

Grim statistics to detail the creation of a nursery rhyme, and yet children then did as children have always done - they faced the impossible with whatever courage they had to muster, and made a game of what they feared. They outlined, in this morbid little chant, the details of their existence.

• Ring around the rosies: the disease made sores, rose colored with rings, on the victims.
• Pockets full of posies: flowers and herbs were stuffed into pockets as a form of protection against the illness that was believed to spread through the rank odor of the infected.
• Ashes, ashes: the dead were cremated in an effort to stop the pandemic
• We all fall down: death

We all sang it as children, we all knew it and played to its haunting words. Little did we know then what we were singing, and in a strange way, retaining from history for future generations.

Perhaps in a small way though, my sister was right. For although the plague hit Europe and Asia several times over the next century, spring always came again and with it, a renewed beginning for survivors. Disaster was always followed by hope. And it always will be.